PESTEL Analysis of John Lewis and Oxfam

PESTEL Analysis of John Lewis and Oxfam Unit 1 Exploring Business Activity Assignment 3 D2 D2: evaluate how future changes in economic political, legal and social factors, may impact on the strategy of a specified organisation. John Lewis Political The political factor has impacted John Lewis enormously. New laws bring limits on what they can do and what is legal to do. There are a few major laws that have affected John Lewis more than others: Sales of good act 1979, goods must be: To a satisfying standard Made to work for the purpose known by the seller As described This law makes sure that John Lewis produces goods to a satisfying standard and that they actually work for the purpose that the seller knows. All products must be as described making the marketing job harder as they must not be biased. Trade descriptions act 1968, good must be correctly described including: The way they were made or processed What they are made of Their fitness for purpose This is similar to the sales of goods act and ensures the customer that the items are correctly described. Data protection act 1998, the information collected by marketers must be: Obtained fairly and lawfully Used only for the purposes stated during collection Adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the intended use Accurate and where necessary kept up to date Not kept for longer than necessary Protected from unauthorised use Available for inspection and correction by the individual Subject to procedures to prevent unlawful processing, accidental loss, destruction and damage to personal data Protected from transfer to an area outside the European Economic Area (EEA), unless adequate protection exists for that data in the area A quite recent and very important act, the data protection act, makes sure that John Lewis do not exchange personal data collected from customers in order to gain money from niche market lists. What has John Lewis done to face the impact? John Lewis has done a lot of things to face the impact politics have had on them. The sale of good act has made John Lewis train their staff a lot more when they market their product to the public. They try not be biased and over exaggerate what the product really does. This way the public arent being lied to or deceived. John Lewis have had to adapt their descriptions on packaging so that it clearly states what it does so that there is no grey areas left when the buyer purchases the product. This is also the same reasons for the trade descriptions act. With the data protections act John Lewis have had to edit their websites and say, whenÂÂ   a customer puts their email address in to receive monthly news letters, that they wont pass the information on to other businesses thus preventing spam mail. All information gathered from any primary or secondary research is kept to just John Lewis and its partnerships (Waitrose). Environmental Environmental factors are new and are fast growing with the rise of Copenhagen. Everyone is talking about how to cut emissions and carry out activities in an eco friendly way. A carbon footprintis a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating and transportation etc. There is more pressure than ever for john lewis to reduce its carbon footprint. They have made small changes over the years, such as recyclable paper and energy efficient cars but they hope to make more changes in the future like powering a department off of solar panels. What has John Lewis done to face the impact? John Lewis has done a lot to face the environmental impact of green house gases. We actively promote responsible and sustainable methods of agriculture, animal husbandry and biodiversity and have taken on suppliers that offer eco friendly products. These products include; energy-saving washing machines, kettles and showers. The major change that has happened is the eco friendly cars that are more energy efficient. Social There are many social factors that have affected John Lewis but the main factor is the trend of fashion. Massive boom in fashion has paid John Lewis well with a lot of people shopping at their store for branded items; this includes anything from clothing to kitchen appliances. What has John Lewis done to face the impact? In response to the high fashion trend of all young to middle aged people, John Lewis have increased their stock line and invested in more branded items such as Ralph Lauren. They have also had to employ more staff on clothing departments in many stores due to the high demand of products and constant need for clothes to be out on stock on time. Technological The massive advancements in technology mean a lot of changes to John Lewis. Since they started in the 1800s they have experienced the introduction of the internet. The internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. With the power of the internet John Lewis have been able to sell products online, message customers electronically and send out advertisements on the web. In the past month a faster broadband has been released of 50mb, this gives john lewis the power of ultimate speed and efficiency when trying to function online. The introduction of the chip and pin makes it easier for customers to pay for items and prevents them from having to carry loose change around. It makes John Lewis process faster. What has John Lewis done to face the impact? John Lewis has really grasped the impact of technology and has set up a massive online website from which customers can register an account, order products, post feedback, give advice to fellow customers and speak to other people on a forum about almost anything in general. They have online chat installed on their website for better means of customer service and also have a computerised robot that helps answer frequently answered questions. In order to do all of this John Lewis have had to employ a huge IT team in order to set up all the networks, host servers and maintain the standard of the website and servers. Any faults or glitches are reported to this team and dealt with immediately. The use of chip and pin has also been executed well by John Lewis. They have chip and pin on every single checkout to provide a better, more efficient and faster process. Customers have had to adapt to the new technology also and there are fliers created by John Lewis on how to use the chip and pin instead of cash or loose change.ÂÂ   Suppliers of John Lewis have also been affected as they now receive their orders of products online rather than on the phone, it means that they dont have to be on the phone all day and can just check their website for orders come in overnight. Oxfam Political The political factor has impacted Oxfam enormously. New laws bring limits on what they can do and what is legal to do. There are a few major laws that have affected Oxfam more than others: Sales of good act 1979, goods must be: To a satisfying standard Made to work for the purpose known by the seller As described Trade descriptions act 1968, good must be correctly described including: The way they were made or processed What they are made of Their fitness for purpose This means Oxfam have to describe their operations accurately and not defy the people who donate for the operation to function. What has Oxfam done to face the impact? In order to face the impact of political change Oxfam have trained their staff to describe products and operation goals accurately and not to lie or be at all biased. Environmental Environmental factors are new and are fast growing with the rise of Copenhagen. Everyone is talking about how to cut emissions and carry out activities in an eco friendly way. A carbon footprintis a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating and transportation etc. There is more pressure than ever for Oxfam to reduce its carbon footprint. They have made small changes over the years, such as recyclable paper and energy efficient cars but they hope to make more changes in the future like powering a department off of solar panels. What has Oxfam done to face the impact? Marks Spencer and Oxfam have joined forces to launch the MS and Oxfam Clothes Exchange, the biggest programme in the UK to encourage consumers to recycle their clothes. The Exchange is designed to both raise money for Oxfams work to tackle poverty and injustice and to reduce the one million tonnes of clothing sent by the public to landfill in the UK each year. Oxfam have also started a campaign called Green Grannies in which a granny, Barbara Walmsley, reveals tips on how to save on everyday products. She displays tips on how to make the most of stale bread, mend old clothes and find new use for unused clothes. Social There are many social factors that have affected John Lewis but the main factor is the trend of fashion. A lot of people have felt the pressure in the past to have to donate to charities because they feel selfish keeping all their money to themselves. As other people do it, it increases the pressure for more people to donate as it makes them think about if they are being selfish. What has Oxfam done to face the impact? Oxfam has had to re-invest money in ad-campaigns persuading even more people to donate and to raise a lot of awareness for operations that might not always hit the news. Technological The massive advancements in technology mean a lot of changes to Oxfam. Since they started in the 1800s they have experienced the introduction of the internet. The internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. With the power of the internet Oxfam have been able to receive donations online, message customers electronically and send out advertisements on the web. In the past month a faster broadband has been released of 50mb, this gives Oxfam the power of ultimate speed and efficiency when trying to function online. What has Oxfam done to face the impact? Oxfam have faced the impact of technology by keeping up with the times and creating an online website with all the news and details. They have also launched big marketing campaigns via advertisements on the internet; these are displayed on well known sites such as facebook and youtube. Oxfam have also built massive databases with details of all the volunteers and have put it all on electronically. Reference: http://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/Display.aspx?MasterId=896114ba-7ef6-4d94-970c-fcde19b39799NavigationId=1626

Drunk Tank Pink Response

The environment consists ot a combination ot physical and psychological components that continually influence one another. Albert Mehrabian (1976) claims that people react emotionally to their surroundings. He says that emotional reactions can be accounted for in terms of how aroused, pleasurable, and dominant people are made to feel. How we feel about a place affects how we behave in that place. O'Donnell ; Kable (1982) describe three things that affect this relationship (feelings/ ehavior). 1) The â€Å"perceived† environment is not necessarily the â€Å"real† environment (social context affects our interpretation of physical setting: church/disco); (2) Physical environment reflects the principles of a social and cultural system (symbols of ideology); (3) We have a basic need to feel psychological as well as physical comfort in our environment. Grocery Store Topics Appeal to target audience Keep kids' products within their reach Create visual interest w/ patterns or c olors.Quick, to-go items up front Spacious and open Comfortable atmosphere with music and chairs Use natural lighting, highlight, and spotlights Keep up with season d ©cor. Aware of spacing Provide other services†community center Cleanliness and fresh smell Abundance Buy things as combo Keep customers in store as long as possible Try to keep your consumers' eyes off the ceiling and off the floor†want to keep them looking at the products. yellow and red Make it easy to buy things.

Plain Packaging of Cigarettes Free Essay Example, 2500 words

When the prices increase people would consume less of that product. This is however not true in case of products which are addictive in nature. Even through the prices increase the quantity of the products consumed would not decrease. Thus the price elasticity of demand for the products would be zero. The economics of the plain packaging has been explained with the help of the following graphs. The demand for cigarettes would be an inelastic demand curve (Tucker, 2010, p. This is because even though the prices of the cigarettes change the demand would remain more or less constant this is because people generally get addicted to tobacco and they cannot control the amount that they consume even on the increase of the price (Baumol and Blinder, 2009, p. That means the smokers are insensitive to price changes. In the left panel of the graph the demand and supply curves have been drawn. Now on the introduction of the plain packaging of the cigarettes the product will lose its appeal to t he prospective smokers. As a result the smokers would be demanding less amount of cigarette. We will write a custom essay sample on Plain Packaging of Cigarettes or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Therefore there would be a shift in the demand curve for cigarettes. In other words the number of smokers would reduce. However, the demand curve would remain inelastic because this reduction in demand would not be as result of the change in the prices but the reduction in the level of desire of the consumers to smoke. The demand for this product would remain restricted to those people who are addicted to smoking. Thus even if the supply curve for the cigarettes is shifted there will be hardly any effect on the quantity demanded of the product (Frank, 2010, p. The price will only increase or decrease without having any radical effect on the tobacco consumption of the smokers. This has been shown with the help of the following figure. On the reduction in the supply of the cigarettes the supply curve shifts to the left. There is very little change in the quantity of demand because of this. The demand curve remains in elastic. Thus the price is seen to move up which has no effect on the demand

Equity and Trusts- Charities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1850 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Trust Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The first issue that needs to be considered is whether Holmfirth Wheeltappersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and Shunterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Benefit Society is charitable. On the facts of the scenario it is evident that the association has not been established for charitable purposes as defined by section 3(1) of the Charities Act 2011. The next issue arising is that the association is obviously not a company and so it is an unincorporated association. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Equity and Trusts- Charities" essay for you Create order Lawton LJ set out the definition of an unincorporated association in Conservative Unionist Central Office v Burrell [1982] 2 All ER 1 CA as: two or more members bound together for one or more common purposes, mutual rights and duties between the members, and rules governing who controls the association and how its funds are used; the members must be able to join and leave the association at will. These groups are not covered by the Companies Act 1996. Hence, they have no legal personality, existing in their own right and cannot own property. Therefore, as the nature of the current association is of an unincorporated one, any distributions of the associationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ funds will be governed by trust law. In order to discuss the issues arising, I will examine in turn each of the facts considering the case law on the distribution of the surplus funds of unincorporated non-charitable associations. In Neville Estates Ltd v Madden [1962] Ch 832 HC it was decided that the fu nds of an association are held by the members and not by the association as a whole. Alternatively, they are held on trust only if the trust is charitable, which is unlikely to apply on the present scenario. Instead, the scenario is concerned with a claim to the surplus assets of the association when it is dissolved. [1] A legacy of 20,000 from Cyril The issue arising here is that an unincorporated association as it is not a legal person it cannot own property or be the beneficiary of a trust. A gift can therefore be treated as an attempted trust for the purposes of the association as in Leahy v AG for NSW (1959). The general rule is that trusts for non-charitable purposes are void, as well as transfers for abstract purposes[2] something which is not permitted under the beneficiary principle stating that for a trust to be valid it requires that there be some individual or corporate entity in whose favour the court would be able to exercise the trust.[3] A problem arises in respect of the legacy left from Cyril as Nora, the widow and executrix of Cyrilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s will seems to challenge the validity of the legacy on the winding up of the association. The courts have been prevented by precedent and English legal tradition from saying that an unincorporated association is capable of owning property yet various alternative ways have been constructed by the courts in an attempt to save the transfers made to unincorporated associations.[4] One interpretation would be to follow the approach in Re West Sussex[5] and hold the legacy on resulting trust to existing subscribers or members, in proportion to contributions made less any fines and payouts. The property is held on resulting trust if those subscribers can be identified. Therefore, under the authority of Re West Sussex where the makers of the donations were identifiable, the donations could be returned. It was held that where a legacy was made to an unincorporated association, which subsequen tly became moribund, then the legacy would be held on resulting trust for the donorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s estate. In relation to legacies, Goff J considered that they were separately identifiable for the other property and therefore capable of being returned to their donors. Under this approach, the  £20000 would result back to Cyrilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s estate, Nora. Alternatively, under Re Recherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Will Trusts [1972] Ch 5265 the legacy may be construed as an absolute gift to present members as an accretion to the funds and subject to the contractual agreements Albert and Bertram had made between them. Even if it is the preferred analysis and the one which the courts would more likely adopt to save the legacy, the contractual analysis will not be available if the association lacks identifiable rules. It is more likely the case that Albert and Bertram have sufficient control so that they can choose to wind up the association and divide the funds between them. A profit of  £500 from an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Olde Tyme Music Hallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  recently held in aid of funds The problem which arises in such cases is that the identity of the donors may not be possible to be traced. The wording of the problem is quite vague as it is not clear where the profit comes from. From one point of view, the fact that it is from an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Olde Tyme Music Hallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  may suggest that David, who had been a member of the society for 70 years and has definitely contributed in a great extent to the association, would have some rights over the profit. In that case, the profit would result back to his estate- Thora as a resulting trust. However, this interpretation seems too speculative based on the given facts of the scenario and it has been argued that neither former members nor the estates of deceased members could have an interest in the surplus funds of an association on its dissolution[6]. Accretion on death was inherent in the beneficial interest in any asset being held by joint tenants[7]. From another point of view, the profit may be deriving from tickets paid as entertainment for a concert at the music hall and it should therefore be interpreted following Re West Sussex Constabularyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Benevolent Fund Trust [1970] 1 All ER 544 HC. Under this approach, the profit would not be a trust but a contract as the people got everything they paid for and there was no intention on their part to make a direct contribution to the fund at all.[8] If the profit is construed based on the contract theory, then the rules of the members inter se will succeed. Where there are no rules, a term can be implied under the authority of Re Bucks[9], which will normally divide the rights up equally among those who were members at the time of the dissolution[10] Albert and Bertram, although it is less likely to be the case. It is my view that the most reasonable approach to follow is for the profit to go to th e Crown as bona vacantia as in Re West Sussex because if it was to be distributed among the members, it could be unjust enrichment as the reasons the profit should go to the association are unclear. The sum of  £500 raised from special collections The sum of  £500 raised from special collections suggests that the source of the money is unidentifiable. The most suitable approach is that followed in Re West Sussex Constabularyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Benevolent Fund Trust [1970] 1 All ER 544 HC in which it was held that the relationship was one of contract rather than trusts and in addition, a collection from boxes is impossible to be returned on the basis that their transfers of property were both outright gifts and made anonymously. As the donors were anonymous, the intention was to part with their money à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"out and outà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and therefore, the sum would go to the Crown as bona vacantia[11]. However, under a more recent authority[12], Lewison J considered that for the Crown to seize property would offend against Article 1 of the First Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights which provides that no one is to be deprived of their possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided by law. Another approach, would be to follow the contract holding theory as in Re Bucks Constabulary Widowsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and Orphansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Fund Friendly Society (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 936 HC. It was held that where there is a contract between the members of the association or between other people participating in entertainments organised by the association for fund-raising purposes, then the modern approach is to look to the enforcement of the terms of that contract in distributing the associationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property. The rationale behind this approach is that the claimant has already received all that he was contractually entitled to. Under this interpretation, the  £500 shoul d be distributed ratably between Albert and Bertram, according to their respective contributions. Arguably, even if there is no authority to support this, Albert would get a larger sum on the dissolution if the years of membership into the association are taken into consideration to distribute the funds upon the winding up of the association. Criticism Simon Gardner has argued that the courts lean towards an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"eclecticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ approach in each case, which was previously favoured by the courts.[13] This has the positive effect of allowing for flexibility and privacy but a significant drawback is the exposure of the memberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s association, because of this uncertainty, and the potential risk of their assets. Bibliography Books A Hudson, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Equity and Trusts, 6th edn., (Oxon: Routledge-Cavendish, 2010) C Harpum, S Bridge and M Dixon à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Megarry Wade: The Law of Real Propertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, 6th edn., (Lon don: Sweet Maxwell, 2000) R Edwards N Stockwell, Trusts and Equity, 11th edn., (Harlow: Pearson, 2013) J Warburton, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Unincorporated Associations: Law and Practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, 2nd edn (London: Sweet Maxwell, 1992), p.51. Cases Artistic Upholstery Ltd v Art Forma (Furniture) Ltd [1999] 4 All E.R. 277 Buckinghamshire Constabulary Widows and Orphans Fund Friendly Society (No.2), Re[1979] 1 All E.R. 623 Cunnack v Edwards[1895] 1 Ch. 489 Ch D Denleys Trust Deed, Re[1969] 1 Ch. 373; [1968] 3 W.L.R. 457 Grants Will Trusts, Re[1980] 1 W.L.R. 360; [1979] 3 All E.R. 359 Ch D Hanchett-Stamford[2008] EWHC 330 (Ch) Horley Town Football Club, Re[2006] EWHC 2386 (Ch) Leahy v Attorney General of New South Wales[1959] A.C. 457; [1959] 2 W.L.R. 722 PC Morice v Bishop of Durham32 E.R. 656 Printers and Transferrers Amalgamated Trades Protection Society, Re[1899] 2 Ch. 184 Ch D Rechers Will Trusts, Re[1971] 3 W.L.R. 321; [1972] Ch. 526 Ch D West Sussex Constabularys Widows, Children and Benevolent (1930) Fund Trusts, Re[1971] Ch. 1 Articles and Journals B. Green (1980) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Dissolution of Unincorporated Non-Profit Associationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Modern Law Review 43. Gerwyn Ll. H. Griffiths (2009) Hatchett-Stemford v Attorney General: another twist in the tale unincorporated associations and the distribution of surplus funds, Conveyancer and Property Lawyer M. Ashdown (2012) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Law of Unincorporated Associationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Law Quarterly Review 128. P. Matthews à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A problem in the construction of gifts tounincorporatedassociationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [1995] 59 Conv. 302. P. Pettit (2009) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Equity and the Law of Trustsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Oxford University Press S. Baughen (2010) Performing animals and the dissolution of unincorporated associations: the contract-holding theory vindicated,Conveyancer and Property Lawyer S. Gardner (1992) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"New angles on unincorporated associationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 1 [1] Neville Estates v Madden [1961] 3 All ER 769 per Cross J [2] Re Grantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Will Trusts [1979] 3 All ER 359; [1980] 1 WLR 360 [3] Morice v Bishop of Durham (1805) 9 Ves 399, 405 per Lord Grant MR as expressed in Bowman v Secular Society Ltd [1917] AC 406, 441 per Lord Parker [4] Neville Estates v Madden (1962) [5] [1971] Ch 1 [6] Simon Baughen (2010) Performing animals and the dissolution of unincorporated associations: the contract-holding theory vindicated *CONVPL, pp. 3. [7] Hanchett-Stamford v Attorney General [2008] EWHC 330 (Ch); [2009] 2 W.L.R. 405. [8] Gardner (1992), p.43. [9] Constabulary Widowsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and Orphansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Fund Friendly Society (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 936 HC [10] Gardner (1992), p.42 [11] Re West Sussex Constabulary; Westdeutsche v Islington LBC; Davis v Richards and Wallington Industries (1990) [12] Hanchett-Stamford v Attorney General [2008] EWHC 30 (Ch) HC [13] Gardner (1992) p.49